Mart Laanpere,
M.Sc.
Track 3 programme on Monday, August 24:
9.00 Lecture: Instructional design principles and models10.30 Coffee break
10.45 Lecture continues, ending up with a group assignment
12.15 Lunch break
14.15 Case studies: sharing experiences in Internet(-based) training with each other
16.00 Coffee break
16.15 Lecture: Target group (needs) analysis, job/task analysis
16.45 Working in groups on target group analysis
Instructional design
Clarifying the terms:- "instruction", not "teaching"
- instructional design
- "training" or "education"?
- educational technology
- what about "learning"?
Further reading:
- Prototype of a Web-based course design support system: http://www.yok.tpu.ee/WBCD/home.htm
Learning theories
Philosophical paradigms: objectivist vs. constructivistPsychology: behaviourist, gestalt, social, cognitive, developmental
- Comenius and his "Didactica Magna"
- John Dewey and pragmatic theory of learning
- Behaviouristic theory (Skinner)
- Gestalt
- Activity theories (Vygotski)
- Cognitive theory (Piaget, Pappert)
- Information processing approach
- Andragogy (Knowles)
Learning outcomes and their taxonomies (Bloom, Merrill)
Further reading:
- 'Theory into practice' database: http://gwis2.circ.gwu.edu/~kearsley
- Constructivistic instructional theories and acquisition of expertise: http://infix.emp.paed.uni-muenchen.de/lsmandl/forschbe/lit48.html
- Collection of best articles on the Web on constructivism and other new directions in the field of educational science: http://www.cudenver.edu/~mryder/itc/constructivism.html
- Brown, Collins, Duguid (1989) Situated cognition and the culture of learning: http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/ilt/papers/JohnBrown.html
Instructional design models
Based on theories (learning theories, systems theory) or practice (company or army training)Procedural and conceptual models
Media, production, cookbook, design and systems models
Some examples of instructional design models:
- Gagne & Briggs: instructional principles, phases and events
- Leshin, Pollock & Reigeluth: instructional design strategies and tactics
- Jonasssen: towards the constructivistic model of instructional design ftp://ithaca.icbl.hw.ac.uk/pub/nato_asi/dhj.txt.gz
- B.Wilson 'The impact of constructivism on instructional design' http://ouray.cudenver.edu/~slsanfor/idfund.txt
- B.Wilson, D.Jonassen, A.Cole 'Cognitive approaches to instructional design' http://www.cudenver.edu/~bwilson/training.html
Showcase: Web-based instructional systems
- DigitalThink course on Web searching: http://www.digitalthink.com/
- Tele-learning course at University of Twente: http://utto237.to.utwente.nl/ism/telearn/
- Technical writing course at University of Waterloo: http://itrc.uwaterloo.ca/~engl210e/
More cases...
Front-end analysis
- Analyzing performance problems
- Defining performance problems (current vs. desired performance)
- Finding possible causes (job organisation, feedback, motivation)
- Finding possible solutions (reward structure, feedback system, changes in job, job aids, instruction)
- Analyzing the job / subject area
- Task analysis
- breaking down: parts of job, duties, tasks
- specifying objects and tools for each task
- specifying requirements and conditions for skilled performance
- Performance objectives and measures
- Analyzing the target group
- Relevant prior knowledge for each task
- Entry-level skills
- Motivational factors (Keller)
- Attention
- Relevance
- Confidence
- Satisfaction