Albania
Historically Institute of Informatics and Applied Mathematics (INIMA) managed an old metropolitan network created in Tirana with funding from UNDP in eighties. This network was abandoned in early nineties. Formally INIMA continues to be in charge of the state network. During late nineties Internet connectivity was initiated through projects of UNDP (1996) and Soros Foundation (1997), which covered also a part of the academic community. After interruption of projects funded by Soros Foundation and UNDP, the Albanian Academic Network (ANA) "switched" in a process of beginning its re-creation. For the moment there is no inter-institutional academic backbone, except few isolated segments (as example - wireless link between INIMA and Academy of Sciences). Different academic institutions are connected to Internet through different private ISPs, usually dial-up connection and in few cases with dedicated lines of low capacity. From organizative point of view, there is no special legal entity for ANA. There was a joint decision between Ministry of Education and Science and of Academy of Sciences in 2002, for creation of a managerial board and a technical board, expected to work for coordination of actions for creation of ANA.